The results showed that elevated CO 2 and heat wave facilitated A. Using the common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)-leaf beetle ( Ophraella communa) system, we investigated the effects of heat wave and elevated CO 2 on common ragweed growth, secondary metabolism, and the consequent impacts on the beetle.

To predict and mitigate the effects of climate change on communities and ecosystems, the joint effects of extreme climatic events on species interactions need to be understood. 4Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.3College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.2National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China.1State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.Zhenya Tian 1,2 †, Chao Ma 1,2 †, Chenchen Zhao 1,2,3, Yan Zhang 1,2, Xuyuan Gao 1,2,4, Zhenqi Tian 1,2, Hongsong Chen 1,2,4, Jianying Guo 1 and Zhongshi Zhou 1,2 *

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